Posted 12/11/2017 11:09 PM (GMT -5)
7 reviews with cutting-edge gut microbe information
Record 1 of 7
Title: Diet and microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease: The gut in disharmony
Author(s): Rapozo, DCM (Rapozo, Davy C. M.); Bernardazzi, C (Bernardazzi, Claudio); de Souza, HSP (Pereira de Souza, Heitor Siffert)
Source: WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Volume: 23 Issue: 12 Pages: 2124-2140 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i12.2124 Published: MAR 28 2017
Abstract: Bacterial colonization of the gut shapes both the local and the systemic immune response and is implicated in the modulation of immunity in both healthy and disease states. Recently, quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of the gut microbiota have been detected in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, reinforcing the hypothesis of dysbiosis as a relevant mechanism underlying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. Humans and microbes have coexisted and co-evolved for a long time in a mutually beneficial symbiotic association essential for maintaining homeostasis. However, the microbiome is dynamic, changing with age and in response to environmental modifications. Among such environmental factors, food and alimentary habits, progressively altered in modern societies, appear to be critical modulators of the microbiota, contributing to or co-participating in dysbiosis. In addition, food constituents such as micronutrients are important regulators of mucosal immunity, with direct or indirect effects on the gut microbiota. Moreover, food constituents have recently been shown to modulate epigenetic mechanisms, which can result in increased risk for the development and progression of IBD. Therefore, it is likely that a better understanding of the role of different food components in intestinal homeostasis and the resident microbiota will be essential for unravelling the complex molecular basis of the epigenetic, genetic and environment interactions underlying IBD pathogenesis as well as for offering dietary interventions with minimal side effects.
PubMed ID: 28405140
ISSN: 1007-9327
eISSN: 2219-2840
Record 2 of 7
Title: The Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Author(s): Sheehan, D (Sheehan, Donal); Shanahan, F (Shanahan, Fergus)
Source: GASTROENTEROLOGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA Volume: 46 Issue: 1 Pages: 143-+ DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2016.09.011 Published: MAR 2017
Abstract: Genes, bacteria, and immunity contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Most genetic risk relates to defective sensing of microbes and their metabolites or defective regulation of the host response to the microbiota. Because the composition of the microbiota shapes the developing immune system and is determined in early life, the prospect of therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota in adulthood after the onset of disease is questionable. However, the microbiota may be a marker of risk and a modifier of disease activity and a contributor to extraintestinal manifestations and associations in some patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
PubMed ID: 28164847
ISSN: 0889-8553
eISSN: 1558-1942
Record 3 of 7
Title: Diet, gut microbes, and the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases
Author(s): Dolan, KT (Dolan, Kyle T.); Chang, EB (Chang, Eugene B.)
Source: MOLECULAR NUTRITION & FOOD RESEARCH Volume: 61 Issue: 1 Article Number: UNSP 1600129 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600129 Published: JAN 2017
Abstract: The rising incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases in recent decades has notably paralleled changing lifestyle habits in Western nations, which are now making their way into more traditional societies. Diet plays a key role in IBD pathogenesis, and there is a growing appreciation that the interaction between diet and microbes in a susceptible person contributes significantly to the onset of disease. In this review, we examine what is known about dietary and microbial factors that promote IBD. We summarize recent findings regarding the effects of diet in IBD epidemiology from prospective population cohort studies, as well as new insights into IBD-associated dysbiosis. Microbial metabolism of dietary components can influence the epithelial barrier and the mucosal immune system, and understanding how these interactions generate or suppress inflammation will be a significant focus of IBD research. Our knowledge of dietary and microbial risk factors for IBD provides important considerations for developing therapeutic approaches through dietary modification or re-shaping the microbiota. We conclude by calling for increased sophistication in designing studies on the role of diet and microbes in IBD pathogenesis and disease resolution in order to accelerate progress in response to the growing challenge posed by these complex disorders.
ISSN: 1613-4125
eISSN: 1613-4133
Record 4 of 7
Title: Intestinal Microbiota: Facts and Fiction
Author(s): Kverka, M (Kverka, Miloslav); Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H (Tlaskalova-Hogenova, Helena)
Source: DIGESTIVE DISEASES Volume: 35 Issue: 1-2 Pages: 139-147 DOI: 10.1159/000449095 Published: 2017
Abstract: In humans, the gut microbiota forms a complex ecosystem consisting of a vast number of bacteria, Archaea, fungi and viruses. It represents a major stimulus to the development of the immune system and many other physiological functions, so that it may shape the individual's susceptibility to infectious and immune-mediated diseases. The emergence of new '-omics' methods recently revolutionized the way we study the host-microbe interactions, but they also raised new questions and issues. In this review, we discuss the impact of these new data on the current and future therapies for chronic inflammatory diseases. We also outline the major conceptual, technical and interpretational issues that recently led to some misleading conclusions and discuss in brief the current research directions in the field. (C) 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel
PubMed ID: 28147364
ISSN: 0257-2753
eISSN: 1421-9875
Record 5 of 7
Title: An overview of the bacterial contribution to Crohn disease pathogenesis
Author(s): Alhagamhmad, MH (Alhagamhmad, Moftah H.); Day, AS (Day, Andrew S.); Lemberg, DA (Lemberg, Daniel A.); Leach, ST (Leach, Steven T.)
Source: JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Volume: 65 Pages: 1049-1059 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000331 Part: 10 Published: OCT 2016
Abstract: Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the gastrointestinal tract and is characterized by reduced bacterial diversity. The exact cause of disease is unknown; however, evidence suggests that several components, including microbiota, may contribute to the underlying pathology and disease development. Perturbation of the host-microbe commensal relationship is considered the main driving force of tissue destruction and pathological changes seen in CD. Several putative bacterial pathogens including species from Mycobacterium, Campylobacter and Helicobacter are postulated in the aetiology of CD. However, to date, no strong evidence supports a single bacterium contributing overall to CD pathogenesis. Alternatively, dysbiosis or bacterial imbalance is more widely accepted as a leading factor in the disrupted host-immune system cross-talk resulting in subsequent intestinal inflammation. Depletion of symbiont microbes including Firmicutes, Bifidobacterium and Clostridia, in conjunction with an increase in pathobiont microbes from Bacteroidetes and Enterobacteria, is a striking feature observed in CD. No single factor has been identified as driving this dysbiosis, although diet, antibiotic exposure and possible early life events in presence of underlying genetic susceptibility may contribute. The aim of this review is to highlight the current accumulating literature on the proposed role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of CD.
PubMed ID: 27501828
ISSN: 0022-2615
eISSN: 1473-5644
Record 6 of 7
Title: Intestinal microbiome in chronic diseases. Relevance of gut bacteria in inflammatory bowel diseases and metabolic disorders
Author(s): Schuppel, V (Schueppel, V.); Haller, D (Haller, D.)
Source: DIABETOLOGE Volume: 12 Issue: 6 Pages: 420-427 DOI: 10.1007/s11428-016-0124-3 Published: SEP 2016
Abstract: The intestinal microbiome plays an essential role in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or metabolic disorders.
What is the pathophysiological role of the intestine as an interface between bacterial and host functions?
Recent findings related to intestinal function and microbe-host interactions in the context of inflammatory and metabolic disorders are reviewed.
Changes in gut microbiota composition and function (dysbiosis) are associated with a variety of different pathologies. Dysbiosis in combination with the loss of gut barrier and immune functions are shared in inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Causal mechanisms for the interaction of dysbiotic microbial communities in the gut and disease onset require additional clinical and experimental validation including prospective cohort and gnotobiotic animal studies. Fecal microbiota transplantation and targeted microbial therapies are promising strategies for clinical intervention; however many questions need to be addressed including disease-specific selection of donor microbiota or synthetic bacterial consortia, application strategies and risk evaluation.
ISSN: 1860-9716
eISSN: 1860-9724
Record 7 of 7
Title: Dysbiosis in intestinal inflammation: Cause or consequence
Author(s): Butto, LF (Butto, Ludovica F.); Haller, D (Haller, Dirk)
Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Volume: 306 Issue: 5 Pages: 302-309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.02.010 Published: AUG 2016
Abstract: The intestinal microbiota encompasses hundreds of bacterial species that constitute a relatively stable ecosystem. Alteration in the microbiota composition may arise from infections, immune defects, metabolic alterations, diet or antibiotic treatment. Dysbiosis is considered as an alteration in microbiota community structure and/or function, capable of causing/driving a detrimental distortion of microbe host homeostasis. A variety of pathologies are associated with changes in the community structure and function of the gut microbiota, suggesting a link between dysbiosis and disease etiology. With an emphasis in this review on inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), the non-trivial question is whether dysbiosis is the cause or consequence of inflammation. It is important to understand whether changes in microbial ecosystems are causally linked to the pathology and to what extend disease risk is predicable based on characteristic changes in community structure and/or function. Local changes in tissue integrity associated with focal areas of inflammation may result in the selection of a dysbiotic bacterial community associated with the propagation of a disease phenotype. This review outlines the role of dysbiosis in intestinal inflammation with particular focus on IBD-relevant gnotobiotic mouse models, the factors implicated in the development of dysbiosis and the means available to investigate dysbiosis in the context of human diseases. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
PubMed ID: 27012594
ISSN: 1438-4221
eISSN: 1618-0607